Ethical implications of an individual reward system

The ethical implications of the individual reward system is that it is open to corruption and other malpractices. This usually leads to collapse of the public systems. Ethical formalism is a part of the deontological system because it is important determinate for judging whether an act is moral or not. Is it ethical for an individual to refer a patient to a diagnostic clinic that is owned by that referring individual?

BTBI can be broken down into two components: Each of these components is associated with several of its own ethical concerns. However, when combined and manifested as BTBI, several novel ethical considerations emerge.

While considerable effort has been made to protect genetic information, few safeguards have been created for neural data. Priorities in mapping the human connectome, as with the new US Brain Initiative and the EU's Human Brain Project, foreground the potential for brain-based data to be as powerful and identifiable as genetic data.

In addition, fMRI technologies are already being used to reconstruct videos observed by participants Nishimoto et al. BTBIs add another dimension to the neural privacy concern; not only is information extracted and decoded from the transmitting brain, it is introduced to a receiving brain, presumably without the ability of that brain to refuse or inhibit the impulse.

Ethics & Integrity

The specter of introducing various kinds of information coercively is also a plausible ethical concern. BTBI connections, especially through wireless transmissions, could eventually allow soldiers or police—or criminals—to communicate silently and covertly during operations.

Another concern, though still far in the future, is the eventual possibility to use this technology coercively. If thoughts can be planted, or behavior compelled, through interfaces that send stimulation or information directly to the brain, it is theoretically possible at some point that Ethical implications of an individual reward system technology might be used without consent to control the behaviors of prisoners, for example.

While the current state of the technology is too primitive for such use now, vigilance is imperative as this research continues. Enhancement As is the case with other neural interventions, such as transcranial direct current stimulation TDCS Coffman et al.

For example, coupling brains could one day provide an advantage to students, enhancing speed of knowledge or skill acquisition.

BTBI facilitated learning could widen the gap of social inequities in education and other areas even further, as it is likely that very few will be able to afford initial prototypes.

Though progress in brain interfacing technology must first overcome several technological obstacles Lebedev and Nicolelis,the future promises advances that will encourage individuals to experiment with these technologies for enhancement purposes, perhaps even creating home-made brain interfacing devices as has already been done with TDCS Fitz and Reiner, despite substantial concern regarding the readiness of TCDS technology Horvath et al.

Do-it-yourself kits for creating TDCS-like devices are already pre-selling from some websites www. Using EEG, Presacco et al. Likewise, Choi decoded with high accuracy the shoulder and arm joint movements of participants based on non-invasive recordings.

If this information could be transferred via stimulation to the relevant regions of a second individual's or non-human animal's brain, it may be possible to control the limbs of the receiving subject via encoder's neural activity. For example, a recent article Sakurada et al. More nuanced concerns include issues like the loss of autonomy and the potential for coercive control over another creature.

Clearly the implications of these technologies for changing the nature of human functioning and capacity deserve careful thought and scrutiny as the technologies develop. Agency and identity If one is defined by his or her neurophysiology, a neuro-essentialist view Roskies, ; Racine et al.

Might one's concept of the self yield to a new, communal sense of identity? Who owns thoughts generated in brain-to-brain interfacing? Related to questions of identity are concerns over the issue of agency and responsibility. Yet BTBI in combat may make issues of responsibility even more confusing.

Imagine that a soldier in ground combat with a helmet mounted camera is able to neurally receive information directly from a second soldier monitoring the video in real-time. If the monitoring individual detects a threat on the video, this information could rapidly be transferred to the ground soldier who could respond with greater speed and potentially, greater accuracy.

While benefits, such as improved reaction time, can readily be identified in such an example, questions arise when one considers potential accidents, such as injury by friendly fire or collateral damage. Who would be responsible for the soldier or civilian deaths—ground or monitoring soldier?

What if the stimulation pattern was misinterpreted by the ground soldier or computer's algorithm, or intentionally transmitted by the monitoring individual? While current BTBI research is focused on transferring information, future work might include transfers emotion or even false memories, as was done recently in mice Ramirez et al.

Arguably the mental impact of technologies that remove the actor one-step from the action may warrant a new approach by psychiatry Wolpe, Thus, personal ethical dilemmas and potential mental health challenges that may arise from using such interfaces require further consideration.

Conclusion Recent advances in brain interfacing technologies now allow for direct communication between two individuals' brains Pais-Vieira et al.

To date there is no legislation regulating informed consent and protecting personal data extracted via BCIs, much less BTBIs, either therapeutically or outside of the clinical and research context.

Further, no formal protocols are in place for how to conduct research using these technologies, with humans or non-human animals. These studies continue to advance; recent unpublished preliminary data by researchers at University of Washington mark the first human to human BTBI, utilizing non-invasive EEGs and transcranial magnetic stimulation.These borrow from ethical safeguards in other industries—a Hippocratic oath for data workers, for example, or a bug bounty program that would reward people for flagging ethical issues or.

High moral reasoning associated with increased activity in the human brain's reward system Study provides clues to individual differences in moral development.

The issues of affirmative action and capital punishment are almost always in the news, and a debate style class Chapter 6 – Reward and Punishment Key Concepts: Reward, Punishment, Justice, Retributive justice, fair and ethical means of deciding?

Problems with equality of distribution Egalitarian method ignores merit, ability, need. McDonald and Hite () have discussed ethical issues in mentoring and the role of HRD; and Douglas unethical behavior in organizations is a function of both individual characteristics and contextual factors (Meyers, (Cohen, ).

Key findings in BTBI

Formal organizational culture components are comprised of leadership, structure, policies, reward systems. Feb 15,  · Ethical Challenges of Enhancement.

There are many social and ethical implications of such advancements. One of the most fundamental issues with cognitive and physical enhancement techniques is that they contradict the very definition of merit and .

How individual employees are measured and rewarded is a key factor that sustains or undermines ethical culture. In the face of pressure to meet growth targets by any means necessary — a belief that the ends justify the means — unethical behavior is to be expected.